answer:To devise test cases for the above Use Case Model, we need to explore different scenarios that can occur while interacting with the subway ticket distributor, keeping in mind the features of the Distributor, inputs, and desired outputs. Here are several test cases: **Test Case 1: Correct selection and payment** - **Goal**: Verify that the system works as intended when the correct zone is selected and exact payment is made. - **Inputs**: Passenger selects 1 zone; inserts a 5 bill. - **Expected output**: The Distributor displays the amount due for 1 zone. If the price for 1 zone is 5, the Distributor issues the ticket without returning any change. - **Flow of Events**: 1. Passenger selects one zone. 2. Distributor displays the price for one zone. 3. Passenger inserts a 5 bill. 4. Distributor issues a ticket for one zone and no change (if the price is 5). 5. Passenger picks up the ticket. **Test Case 2: Change of Selection** - **Goal**: Verify if the system returns all inserted coins and bills when a new zone is selected after the passenger has inserted money. - **Inputs**: Passenger selects 2 zones, inserts a 5 bill, then reselects 1 zone. - **Expected output**: The Distributor returns the 5 bill and waits for the Passenger to reinsert money for the updated selection. - **Flow of Events**: 1. Passenger selects two zones. 2. Distributor displays the price for two zones. 3. Passenger inserts a 5 bill. 4. Before inserting more money, passenger selects one zone. 5. Distributor returns the 5 bill. 6. Passenger is prompted to insert money again. **Test Case 3: Insufficient Payment** - **Goal**: Verify the system prompts for more money if the inserted amount is insufficient. - **Inputs**: Passenger selects 3 zones; inserts a 5 bill when the price for 3 zones is more than 5. - **Expected output**: The Distributor prompts for additional money to be inserted. - **Flow of Events**: 1. Passenger selects three zones. 2. Distributor displays the price for three zones, which is more than 5. 3. Passenger inserts a 5 bill. 4. Distributor indicates insufficient money and prompts for more. 5. Passenger does not insert more money. 6. The possibility is now for the passenger to reselect zone or cancel the purchase. (This part was not defined in the Use Case, so it's up to the system design) **Test Case 4: Overpayment and Change Return** - **Goal**: Verify the system handles overpayment and returns the correct amount of change. - **Inputs**: Passenger selects 1 zone where price is less than 5 (assume 3); inserts a 5 bill. - **Expected output**: The Distributor issues the ticket and returns 2 in change. - **Flow of Events**: 1. Passenger selects one zone. 2. Distributor displays the price as 3. 3. Passenger inserts a 5 bill. 4. Distributor issues a ticket and returns 2 in change. 5. Passenger picks up the ticket and change. **Test Case 5: Distributor Malfunction** - **Goal**: Test how the Distributor handles a situation where it fails to dispense a ticket or change. - **Inputs**: Passenger selects 1 zone; inserts a 5 bill. - **Expected Output**: If there is a malfunction that prevents the ticket or change from being issued, the system should indicate an error. - **Flow of Events**: 1. Passenger selects one zone. 2. Distributor displays the price for one zone. 3. Passenger inserts a 5 bill. 4. A malfunction occurs; no ticket is dispensed. 5. Distributor signals an error and returns the 5 bill or offers an option for assistance. **Note**: To accurately define test cases, information about the specific amounts for each zone and the system's behavior in error conditions is required. Each test case should be run under controlled conditions to ensure the Distributor's software and hardware respond correctly to the Passenger's actions.

answer:Yes, pre-conditions and post-conditions are important elements that should be part of a test case. They are integral for understanding the scenario under which a feature is to be tested and the expected state of the system after the test is completed. **Pre-conditions** define the required state of the system before the test can be executed. They ensure that: - The test environment is set up correctly. - Any necessary data or state required for the test to proceed is already in place. - The system is in a specific state, which is necessary for the test to be meaningful and valid. For example, a test case for an ATM transaction might have pre-conditions such as the user being authenticated and having a positive account balance. **Post-conditions** describe the expected state of the system after the test has been executed. They state what should be true if the system has behaved as expected during the test. It's important to verify post-conditions to ensure that: - The test has achieved its desired effect. - There are no unintended side effects or states as a result of running the test. - The system is ready for the next step or can be returned to an idle or default state. For the same ATM transaction example, post-conditions might include the account balance being decremented by the withdrawal amount and the ATM returning to the idle state. Including pre-conditions and post-conditions in a test case is crucial for the following reasons: 1. **Clarity**: They provide clear guidelines for what is needed before running the test and what to verify after the test execution. 2. **Repeatability**: Having explicit pre-conditions and post-conditions allows different testers to reliably execute the test cases with consistent results. 3. **Traceability**: They help to trace the test cases back to the original requirements ensuring that all aspects of the requirement are being tested. 4. **Automation**: For automated testing, pre-conditions can be used to set up the test environment automatically, and post-conditions can verify if the test passed or failed without human intervention. 5. **Maintainability**: They make maintaining the test cases easier, as changes to the requirements might affect these conditions and thus the related tests will need updates accordingly. Therefore, the full definition of a test case includes specifying pre-conditions and post-conditions to ensure that all necessary aspects of the test are addressed and to provide a comprehensive understanding of what the test is supposed to achieve.

answer:Yes, it is possible to make a cheer dance routine with your family members, even during a pandemic. Firstly, choose a suitable space within your home where you can practice safely without any obstacles. Research and select a cheer routine online, or create your own using tutorials or apps. Assign different parts to each family member, considering their abilities and strengths. Practice together, ensuring everyone is synchronized and comfortable with their moves. Utilize video conferencing to get feedback from each other and make necessary adjustments. Lastly, record your finalized routine and enjoy performing it as a family. Even during a pandemic, it is possible to bond and have fun through creative activities such as cheer dancing.

answer:Le métier de contrôleur de gestion est un poste clé au sein d'une entreprise. Le contrôleur de gestion a pour rôle d'optimiser la performance financière de l'entreprise en assurant le suivi et l'analyse des coûts, des budgets et des résultats. Son objectif est d'aider à la prise de décision en fournissant des analyses pertinentes aux différents responsables. Le contrôleur de gestion est en charge de l'élaboration et du suivi du budget de l'entreprise. Il doit également mettre en place des outils de contrôle et de reporting pour suivre la performance et l'évolution des indicateurs clés de l'entreprise. À partir de ces données, il réalise des analyses et des rapports pour évaluer les écarts entre les objectifs fixés et les résultats obtenus. Le contrôleur de gestion joue donc un rôle central dans la gestion financière de l'entreprise. Il est en relation avec les différents services de l'entreprise (commercial, production, finance...) pour collecter les données nécessaires à ses analyses. Il peut également participer à l'élaboration de stratégies d'optimisation des coûts et des marges de l'entreprise. Pour exercer ce métier, des compétences en gestion, en comptabilité et en finance sont indispensables. Le contrôleur de gestion doit également être à l'aise avec les chiffres, avoir un esprit analytique et être rigoureux dans son travail. Le métier de contrôleur de gestion offre de nombreuses perspectives d'évolution. Après quelques années d'expérience, il est possible de devenir responsable du contrôle de gestion au sein d'une entreprise ou d'évoluer vers des postes de direction financière. Il est également possible de se spécialiser dans certains domaines de la gestion comme le contrôle de gestion industriel ou le contrôle de gestion dans le secteur public. En résumé, le métier de contrôleur de gestion est essentiel pour assurer une gestion financière efficace et optimale au sein d'une entreprise. C'est un métier qui demande des compétences techniques, une grande rigueur et une capacité d'analyse afin d'aider à la prise de décision et à la performance de l'entreprise.